JBASE - Journal of Business and Audit Information Systems

Ensuring occupational safety in port operations is critical due to the inherently high-risk nature of maritime activities. This study presents an integrated application of the Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and Risk Control (HIRARC) methodology across eight operational zones within a major container terminal. Using structured field observations, qualitative risk matrices, and industry-aligned compliance standards, hazards were systematically identified and categorized into low (5%), medium (87%), and high (8%) risk priorities. Key findings indicate recurrent hazards such as electrical shocks, slips, and container-handling incidents, with control strategies emphasizing administrative protocols, engineering measures, and personal protective equipment (PPE). The findings reaffirm that durable HIRARC implementation necessitates both engineering solutions and the active involvement of personnel, alongside an ongoing reinforcement of the safety culture. In this regard, the present study expands the occupational safety and health (OSH) knowledge by articulating a governance model for risk that is simultaneously generalizable and directly applicable to maritime terminals and comparably dense operational settings, effectively narrowing the distance between normative theory and tangible safety measures.

Binti Ramli, F., Binti Mokhtar, S. N., Bin Jamaluddin, M. H., Bin Harun, M. N., Bin Mat Salim, M. A., Bin Lokman, M. N., Bin Zailan, A. R., Binti Md. Yunus, N., & Binti Mohd Nor, N. H. (2020). Awareness Among Students and Staff on Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Proceedings of the International Conference on Student and Disable Student Development 2019 (ICoSD 2019), 13–18. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200921.003

Chaal, M., Bahootoroody, A., Basnet, S., Banda, O. A. V., & Goerlandt, F. (2022). Towards System-theoretic Risk Assessment for Future Ships: A Framework for Selecting Risk Control Options. Ocean Engineering, 259, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2022.111797

Chowdhury, M. N., Shafi, S., Mohd Arzaman, A. F., Teoh, B. A., Kadhim, K. A., Salamun, H., Kadir, F. K. A., Said, S., Kadir, K. A., Embong, A. M., Aziz, N. A. A., Jusoh, M. H., Pham, L. H. H. P., & Xuan, A. N. S. (2024). Navigating Human Factors in Maritime Safety: A Review of Risks and Improvements in Engine Rooms of Ocean-Going Vessels. International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering, 14(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsse.140101

Dodoo, J. E., & Al-Samarraie, H. (2023). A Systematic Review of Factors Leading to Occupational Injuries and Fatalities. In Journal of Public Health (Germany) (Vol. 31, Issue 1, pp. 99–113). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-020-01427-4

Fan, C., Wróbel, K., Montewka, J., Gil, M., Wan, C., & Zhang, D. (2020). A Framework to Identify Factors Influencing Navigational Risk for Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships. Ocean Engineering, 202, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.107188

Gul, M. (2020). A Fuzzy-based Occupational Health and Safety Risk Assessment Framework and A Case Study in an International Port Authority. Journal of Marine Engineering and Technology, 19(4), 161–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/20464177.2019.1670994

Jain, A., Hassard, J., Leka, S., Di Tecco, C., & Iavicoli, S. (2021). The Role of Cccupational Health Services in Psychosocial Risk Management and the Promotion of Mental Health and Well-being at Work. In International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (Vol. 18, Issue 7, pp. 1–24). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073632

Kabul, E. R., & Yafi, F. (2022). HIRARC Method Approach as Analysis Tools in Forming Occupational Safety Health Management and Culture. Sosiohumaniora, 24(2), 218. https://doi.org/10.24198/sosiohumaniora.v24i2.38525

Marhavilas, P. K., & Koulouriotis, D. E. (2021). Risk-acceptance Criteria in Occupational Health and Safety Risk-assessment—The state-of-the-art Through A Systematic Literature Review. In Safety (Vol. 7, Issue 4, pp. 1–38). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/safety7040077

Masuri, M. G., Dahlan, A., Md Isa, K. A., & Hashim, R. (2020). The Application of HIRARC on Attitude Towards Safe Driving Scale (ASDS) According to PreSiM Model. Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal, 5(14), 281–286. https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v5i14.2182

Mollaoǧlu, M., Bucak, U., & Demirel, H. (2019). A Quantitative Analysis of the Factors That May Cause Occupational Accidents at Ports. Journal of Eta Maritime Science, 7(4), 294–303. https://doi.org/10.5505/jems.2019.15238

Nurprihatin, F., Antonius, R., Rembulan, G. D., Djajasoepena, R., & Sulistyo, E. (2022). Analytical Hierarchy Process and TOPSIS Approach to Perform Supplier Selection in Construction Industry. Management Systems, 15(2), 130–138. https://doi.org/10.30813/jiems.v15i2.4124

Nurprihatin, F., Lee, F. S., Andry, J. F., Kurahman, A. P., Widiwati, I. T. B., Vaezi, A., & Abushaega, M. M. (2024). Reducing the Operation Lead Time using Integrated Standardized Service Time and Tailor-Made Value Stream Mapping. Management and Production Engineering Review, 15(3), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.24425/mper.2024.151486

Nurprihatin, F., Rembulan, G. D., & Liman, S. D. (2023). Application of Ward’s Method and K-Means Clustering in Determining Logistics Hub Locations Considering Logistics Costs. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2693(1). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0119818

Priyanka, V., & Basaria, F. T. (2023). Minimizing Work Risks in Indonesia: A Case Study Analysis of Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and Risk Control Implementation. E3S Web of Conferences, 426, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202342601017

Reihana, N. S., Nurprihatin, F., Islam, S. S., Redi, A. A. N. P., Young, M. N., & Prasetyo, Y. T. (2024). Application of Process Failure Modes and Effect Analysis for Acceptance Quality Limit in Lot Sentencing. Proceedings of 7th International Conference on Computers in Management and Business, 212–218. https://doi.org/10.1145/3647782.3647815

Sanni-Anibire, M. O., Mahmoud, A. S., Hassanain, M. A., & Salami, B. A. (2020). A Risk Assessment Approach for Enhancing Construction Safety Performance. Safety Science, 121, 15–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2019.08.044

Tao, J., Liu, Z., Wang, X., Cao, Y., Zhang, M., Loughney, S., Wang, J., & Yang, Z. (2024). Hazard Identification and Risk Analysis of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships: A Systematic Review and Future Directions. Ocean Engineering, 307, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.118174

Wong, C. F., Teo, F. Y., Selvarajoo, A., Tan, O. K., & Lau, S. H. (2022). Hazard Identification Risk Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC) for Mengkuang Dam Construction. Civil Engineering and Architecture, 10(3), 762–770. https://doi.org/10.13189/cea.2022.100302

Zhang, X., & Mohandes, S. R. (2020). Occupational Health and Safety in Green Building Construction projects: A Holistic Z-numbers-based Risk Management Framework. Journal of Cleaner Production, 275, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122788