Digital pills: Leveraging whatsapp for antibiotic resistance awareness
Abstract
The escalating threat of antibiotic resistance, driven by misuse and overuse of antibiotics, poses a severe public health crisis that requires immediate and innovative solutions. Education on proper antibiotic use is crucial in combating this issue, particularly among community health cadres who play a pivotal role in disseminating health information. This study evaluates the influence of an educational intervention delivered via audio-visual media through WhatsApp on enhancing the knowledge and attitudes of Integrated Health Pos (Posyandu) and Family Welfare Movement (PKK) cadres about antibiotic resistance. A pretest-posttest design was adopted, involving 100 participants from rural areas in Kebak Kramat Subdistrict, Karanganyar Regency, Central Java. Questionnaires assessed participants' knowledge and attitudes both before and after the intervention, which consisted of educational audio-visual content shared through WhatsApp. The findings revealed a significant improvement in knowledge, as evidenced by a Mann-Whitney U test Z-value of -2.044 (p=0.041) when comparing Posyandu and PKK cadres. However, no significant change was observed in attitudes, with a Z-value of -0.944 (p=0.345). These results indicate that while the intervention effectively increased knowledge about antibiotic resistance, it had limited impact on altering attitudes. The study underscores WhatsApp’s potential as a practical and accessible platform for delivering health education in rural settings. Nevertheless, it also highlights the necessity for complementary approaches to foster meaningful attitude changes and encourage sustained behavioral adaptations in antibiotic use. Future interventions should explore integrating interactive and participatory methods to address these challenges more effectively.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Agoulmam, I., & Chakor, A. (2024). Influence of Social Media on Physicians’ Behaviors. International Journal of Scientific Research and Management, 12(04), 1814–1822. https://doi.org/10.18535/IJSRM/V12I04.SH03
Ahmed, S. K., Hussein, S., Qurbani, K., Ibrahim, R. H., Fareeq, A., Mahmood, K. A., & Mohamed, M. G. (2024). Antimicrobial resistance: Impacts, challenges, and future prospects. Journal of Medicine, Surgery, and Public Health, 2, 100081. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GLMEDI.2024.100081
Akuiyibo, S., Anyanti, J., Amoo, B., Aizobu, D., & Idogho, O. (2022). Effects of behaviour change communication on hypertension and diabetes related knowledge, attitude and practices in Imo and Kaduna States: a quasi-experimental study. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13139-3
Alhur, A., Alghamdi, L., Alqahtani, F., Alshammari, M., Hattany, H., Akshah, A., Al Ahmary, A., Aloqran, R., Olagi, E., Alshahrani, N. S., Al-Qahtani, R., Alqahtani, J., Alghamdi, L., Alharbi, A., & Alshokani, S. (2024). A Study of Awareness, Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Antibiotic Resistance. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/CUREUS.62854
Alsaad, E., & AlDossary, S. (2024). Educational Video Intervention to Improve Health Misinformation Identification on WhatsApp Among Saudi Arabian Population: Pre-Post Intervention Study. JMIR Formative Research, 8(1), e50211. https://doi.org/10.2196/50211
Arif P, S., & Wardaningsih, S. (2023). Effectiveness of audiovisual media to improve mental health knowledge for adolescents: A systematic review. Jurnal Aisyah : Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan, 8(2), 681–688. https://doi.org/10.30604/jika.v8i2.2012
Aslam, B., Wang, W., Arshad, M. I., Khurshid, M., Muzammil, S., Rasool, M. H., Nisar, M. A., Alvi, R. F., Aslam, M. A., Qamar, M. U., Salamat, M. K. F., & Baloch, Z. (2018). Antibiotic resistance: a rundown of a global crisis. Infection and Drug Resistance, 11, 1645. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S173867
Atallah, S., Mansour, H., Dimassi, H., & Kabbara, W. K. (2023). Impact of social media education on antimicrobial stewardship awareness among pharmacy, medical and nursing students and residents. BMC Medical Education, 23(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-023-04423-w
Bagdonavičius, V., Julius, K., & Nikulin, M. S. (2013). Non-parametric Tests for Complete Data. In Non-parametric Tests for Complete Data. John Wiley and Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118557716
Denis, D. J. (2018). SPSS Data Analysis for Univariate, Bivariate, and Multivariate Statistics. In SPSS Data Analysis for Univariate, Bivariate, and Multivariate Statistics. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119465775
Deori, C., Sarma, G., Sonowal, T., & Hujuri, L. (2024). Antimicrobial stewardship: a potential tool for restricting reserved antimcrobials use, combating the antibiotic resistance, adverse drug reactions and safe drug administration in patient care. Global Journal for Research Analysis, 6–9. https://doi.org/10.36106/GJRA/0400221
Fan, P., Jia, J., Tang, S., & Zhang, Y. (2022). Quantitative Analysis on the Causes and Results of Indulging in Social Media Short Videos. BCP Business & Management, 20, 166–170. https://doi.org/10.54691/BCPBM.V20I.930
Farrokhi, F., Ghorbani, Z., Farrokhi, F., Namdari, M., & Salavatian, S. (2023). Social media as a tool for oral health promotion: A systematic review. PLOS ONE, 18(12 December). https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0296102
Ferret, J. C. F., Branco, B. H. M., Santos, L. P. G. dos, Rocco, F., & Bernuci, M. P. (2021). WhatsApp-assisted health education intervention. International Journal for Innovation Education and Research, 9(9), 56–72. https://doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol9.iss9.3316
Firmansyah, D., & Saepuloh, D. (2022). Social Learning Theory: Cognitive and Behavioral Approaches. Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Holistik (JIPH), 1(3), 297–324. https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/jiph/index
Gach, M. W., Lazarus, G., Simadibrata, D. M., Sinto, R., Saharman, Y. R., Limato, R., Nelwan, E. J., van Doorn, H. R., Karuniawati, A., & Hamers, R. L. (2024). Antimicrobial resistance among common bacterial pathogens in Indonesia: a systematic review. The Lancet Regional Health - Southeast Asia, 26, 100414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lansea.2024.100414
Garg, R. (2024). A review on antibiotic resistance. Indian Journal of Health Care, Medical & Pharmacy Practice, 5(1), 50–56. https://doi.org/10.59551/IJHMP/25832069/2024.5.1.70
Ghozali, M. T., Hidayaturrohim, B., & Islamy, I. D. A. (2023). Improving patient knowledge on rational use of antibiotics using educational videos. International Journal of Public Health Science, 12(1), 41–47. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v12i1.21846
Gilham, E. L., Pearce-Smith, N., Carter, V., & Ashiru-Oredope, D. (2024). Assessment of global antimicrobial resistance campaigns conducted to improve public awareness and antimicrobial use behaviours: a rapid systematic review. BMC Public Health, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/S12889-024-17766-W
Guyer., J. J., Pablo, B., Richard, E., P., & Javier, H. (2019). Nonverbal Behavior of Persuasive Sources: A Multiple Process Analysis. Journal of Nonverbal, 43(2), 203–231.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th ed.). Pearson.
Handayani, R. S., Siahaan, S., & Herman, M. J. (2017). Resistensi Antimikroba dan Penerapan Kebijakan Pengendalian di Rumah Sakit di Indonesia. Jurnal Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Pelayanan Kesehatan, 1(2), 131–140.
Hicks, J. L., Boswell, M. A., Althoff, T., Crum, A. J., Ku, J. P., Landay, J. A., Moya, P. M. L., Murnane, E. L., Snyder, M. P., King, A. C., & Delp, S. L. (2023). Leveraging Mobile Technology for Public Health Promotion: A Multidisciplinary Perspective. Annual Review of Public Health, 44, 131–150. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-060220-041643
Hidayat, O., & Solihah, N. (2021). Implementasi Elaborated Likelihood Model (ELM) Dalam Iklan Kampanye Pilpres Jokowi-Ma’ruf 2019. Jurnal Komunika Islamika : Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi Dan Kajian Islam, 8(2), 91. https://doi.org/10.37064/jki.v8i2.10725
Jain, P., & Arakkal, J. (2022). Perceived Popularity of TikTok among Gen-Z. Cardiometry, 24, 896–902. https://doi.org/10.18137/cardiometry.2022.24.896902
Joshi, P. (2023). Antibiotic resistance: overuse of antibiotics, context and potential solutions. International Journal of Therapeutic Innovation, 1(2), viii–xv. https://doi.org/10.55522/IJTI.V1I2.0007
Juanna, A., Monoarfa, M. A. S., Podungge, R., & Tantawi, R. (2024). Identification of Trends in Business Promotion and Marketing Using Video-Based Content on Social Media. Jambura Science of Management, 6(2), 88–103. https://doi.org/10.37479/jsm.v6i2.23966
Kanan, M., Ramadan, M., Haif, H., Abdullah, B., Mubarak, J., Ahmad, W., Mari, S., Hassan, S., Eid, R., Hasan, M., Qahl, M., Assiri, A., Sultan, M., Alrumaih, F., & Alenzi, A. (2023). Empowering Low- and Middle-Income Countries to Combat AMR by Minimal Use of Antibiotics: A Way Forward. Antibiotics, 12(10), 1504. https://doi.org/10.3390/ANTIBIOTICS12101504
Karataş, S., & Karakoç, E. (2024). The Virtual World Platform “Tiktok”: A Study On Generatıon Z. Erciyes Üniversitesi Iletişim Fakültesi Akademik Dergisi, 11(2), 517–537. https://doi.org/10.17680/ERCIYESILETISIM.1440628
Kassa, T., Gedif, T., Andualem, T., & Aferu, T. (2022). Antibiotics self-medication practices among health care professionals in selected public hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Heliyon, 8(1), e08825. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HELIYON.2022.E08825
Kaur, A., Sharma, R. B., & Dua, K. (2024). Approaches for Prevention of Antibacterial Drug Resistance. Advances in Medical Technologies and Clinical Practice Book Series, 51–91. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-1540-8.CH003
Kim, H., Proctor, C. R., Walker, D., & McCarthy, R. R. (2023). Understanding the Consumption of Antimicrobial Resistance–Related Content on Social Media: Twitter Analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 25, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.2196/42363
Kirkpatrick, C. E., & Lawrie, L. L. (2024). TikTok as a Source of Health Information and Misinformation for Young Women in the United States: Survey Study. JMIR Infodemiology, 4, e54663–e54663. https://doi.org/10.2196/54663
Lam, C., Huang, Z., & Shen, L. (2022). Infographics and the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM): Differences between Visual and Textual Health Messages. Journal of Health Communication, 27(10), 737–745. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2022.2157909
Lawrent, G. (2022). Sources of Teacher Efficacy Related Attributes Alongside Bandura’s Perspectives. Journal of Education, 204(1), 002205742210942–002205742210942. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220574221094238
Liu, Z. (2023). Youtube Video Trending Analysis Based on Machine Learning. Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology, 57, 267–273. https://doi.org/10.54097/HSET.V57I.10012
Malhi, S., & Bao, V.-D. (2023). The Evolution and Spread of Antibiotic Resistance in Microorganisms. UC Merced Undergraduate Research Journal, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.5070/M416162639
Manca., S., Gianmarco P., A., Wesley, S., & Ferdinando, F. (2020). The Persuasive Route to Sustainable Mobility: Elaboration Likelihood Model and Emotions predict Implicit Attitudes. Environment and Behavior, 52(8), 830–860. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916518820898
Manca, S., & Fornara, F. (2019). Attitude toward sustainable transport as a function of source and argument reliability and anticipated emotions. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123288
Manik, S., Sembiring, M., Padang, I., & Manurung, L. (2022). Theory of Bandura’s Social Learning in The Process Of Teaching at SMA Methodist Berastagi Kabupaten Karo. Jurnal Visi Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 3(2), 85–96. https://doi.org/10.51622/PENGABDIAN.V3I2.729
McMahon, P. L. (2023). Making the Connection. Advances in Higher Education and Professional Development Book Series, 290–313. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-8908-6.CH015
Mukherjee, A., Surial, R., Sahay, S., Thakral, Y., & Gondara, A. (2024). Social and cultural determinants of antibiotics prescriptions: analysis from a public community health centre in North India. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 15, 1277628. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPHAR.2024.1277628/BIBTEX
Murray, C. J., Ikuta, K. S., Sharara, F., Swetschinski, L., Robles Aguilar, G., Gray, A., Han, C., Bisignano, C., Rao, P., Wool, E., Johnson, S. C., Browne, A. J., Chipeta, M. G., Fell, F., Hackett, S., Haines-Woodhouse, G., Kashef Hamadani, B. H., Kumaran, E. A. P., McManigal, B., … Naghavi, M. (2022). Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. The Lancet, 399(10325), 629–655. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0
Niu, Z., Jeong, D. C., Brickman, J., Nam, Y., Liu, S., & Stapleton, J. L. (2020). A Picture Worth a Thousand Texts? Investigating the Influences of Visual Appeals in a Text Message-Based Health Intervention. Journal of Health Communication, 25(3), 204–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2020.1731631
Okeke, I. N., de Kraker, M. E. A., Van Boeckel, T. P., Kumar, C. K., Schmitt, H., Gales, A. C., Bertagnolio, S., Sharland, M., & Laxminarayan, R. (2024). The scope of the antimicrobial resistance challenge. The Lancet, 403(10442), 2426–2438. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00876-6
Petty, R. E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Schumann, D. (1983). Central and Peripheral Routes to Advertising Effectiveness: The Moderating Role of Involvement. Journal of Consumer Research, 10(2), 135–146,.
Petty, R. E., & Turnes, P. B. (2020). A Process Approach to Influencing Attitudes and Changing Behavior: Revisiting Classic Findings in Persuasion and Popular Interventions. In R. E. Petty & P. Briñol (Eds.), Applications of Social Psychology. Routledge.
Raja, N. (2024). The Role of Social Media in Media Education for Transforming Pedagogy and Industry Preparedness. Proceedings - 3rd International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication and Applied Informatics, ACCAI 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCAI61061.2024.10602436
Ramdhani, D., Kusuma, S. A. F., Sediana, D., Bima, A. P. H., & Khumairoh, I. (2021). Comparative study of cefixime and tetracycline as an evaluation policy driven by the antibiotic resistance crisis in Indonesia. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-98129-y
Salam, M. A., Al-Amin, M. Y., Salam, M. T., Pawar, J. S., Akhter, N., Rabaan, A. A., & Alqumber, M. A. A. (2023). Antimicrobial Resistance: A Growing Serious Threat for Global Public Health. Healthcare 2023, Vol. 11, Page 1946, 11(13), 1946. https://doi.org/10.3390/HEALTHCARE11131946
Schwamm, L. H., & Silva, G. S. (2023). Advances in Digital Health. Stroke, 54(3), 870–872. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.123.042098
Septiani, N., Susanto, A., & Nurcahyo, H. (2023). Knowledge Analysis With the Use of Antibiotics in the People of Brebes Regency. Jambura Journal of Health Sciences and Research, 5(1), 316–323. https://doi.org/10.35971/jjhsr.v5i1.17137
Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (2002). Experimental and Designs for Generalized Causal Inference. Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Design for Causual Inference, 814, 1–643.
Shah, J., Trautner, B. W., Olmeda, K., Laytner, L. A., Faustinella, F., Paasche-Orlow, M. K., & Grigoryan, L. (2024). A survey of patient practices regarding leftover antibiotics reveals a potential source of antibiotic overuse. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 68(8). https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00469-24
Siahaan, S., Herman, M. J., & Fitri, N. (2022). Antimicrobial Resistance Situation in Indonesia: A Challenge of Multisector and Global Coordination. Journal of Tropical Medicine, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2783300
Siregar, R., Marbun, A. S., & Sinurat, L. R. (2023). Improving the Family Caregiver’s Knowledge about Diet Diabetes Management through WhatsApp online Health Educations. ARTERI : Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan, 4(3), 182–187. https://doi.org/10.37148/ARTERI.V4I3.271
Suminar, F. D. (2022). Rationality Evaluation of Antibiotic Use in Pediatric Pneumonia At Hospitals in Indonesia. Pharmacology, Medical Reports, Orthopedic, and Illness Details (Comorbid), 1(2), 27–40. https://doi.org/10.55047/comorbid.v1i2.122
Timmi, M., Laaouina, L., Jeghal, A., El Garouani, S., & Yahyaouy, A. (2024). Comparative evaluation of YouTube, Facebook, TikTok, and Instagram as online learning resources. 2024 International Conference on Intelligent Systems and Computer Vision, ISCV 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISCV60512.2024.10620142
WHO. (2020, July 31). Antibiotic resistance. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antibiotic-resistance
WHO. (2023). Antimicrobial resistance. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antimicrobial-resistance
Ziyada, M., & Shamoi, P. (2024). Video Popularity in Social Media: Impact of Emotions, Raw Features and Viewer Comments. ArXiv.Org, abs/2407.1. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2407.16272
Zvetomira, S. (2023). Investigating Persuasive Behaviors Across Different Opinion Polarities: A Study of Video Messages. Congress in Computer Science, Computer Engineering, & Applied Computing, 1176–1180. https://doi.org/10.1109/csce60160.2023.00197
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.30813/bricolage.v11i1.7723
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Accredited by:
Indexed by:
UNIVERSITAS BUNDA MULIA PRESS
PROGRAM STUDI MAGISTER ILMU KOMUNIKASI
Lantai 3 Ruang Pascasarjana - Universitas Bunda Mulia
Jl. Lodan Raya No. 2, Ancol – Jakarta Utara 14430, Indonesia
Telp: +62 21 692 9090 ext.1317
Email: bricolage@ubm.ac.id; bricolage.mikom@gmail.com
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
View My Stats