A DEIXIS ANALYSIS IN JOKO WIDODO’S STATEMENT ON INDONESIA’S G20 PRESID ENCY

Deixis is an important element in pragmatic studies to avoid misunderstandings between speakers and listeners. People will be misunderstanding a conversation when they don't understand the context. The purpose of this research was to determine the type o f deixis contained in Joko Widodo's statement in the Indonesia’s G20 presidency and to determine the dominant type of deixis in Joko Widodo's statement. Yule's (1996) theory of deixis is used to justify the data or findings in this study. This research was designed using qualitative methods. Data was taken from the English version of the script from President Joko Widodo's statement. Following data collection, researchers found and selected data that showed that most phrases or words contain deixis types. The researchers reached conclusions after thoroughly identifying and evaluating many types of deixis detected in statements. From the data analysis, three types of deixis were found in Joko Widodo's statement in the Indonesia’s G20 presidency, namely person deixis, spatial deixis, and temporal deixis. The total deixis contained are 35 data. Persona Deiksis is the deixis that most often appears in Joko Widodo's statement in the Indonesi a’s G20 presidency with a total of 26 data. In addition, spatial deixis fo und 2 data and temporal deixis found 7 data. Based on previous research, the researchers concluded that person deixis always dominates every moment when Joko Widodo delivers his statement.


INTRODUCTION
Deixis is the most important pragmatic study to facilitate communication. In the study of pragmatics, it certainly involves the interpretation of what people mean in a certain context and how that context is said (Yule, 1996). In deixis, it can make language have well-organized and effective meaning so that it does not cause different perceptions to the recipient. Deixis can clarify the meaning of a utterance, so that the utterance has a clear meaning for the reader (Purwandari, Rakhmawati, & Mulyono, 2019). The use of language can be said to be regular and effective if known the context of its use. If a recipient does not understand the context of the opponent, it will cause obscurity, confusion, and misunderstanding.
However, Yule (2006) states that there are several commonly occuring terms in our language that cannot be understood until we know the context, particularly the physical setting of the speaker, such as here and there, this or that, now and then, yesterday, today or tomorrow, as well as pronouns such as you, me, she, him, it, them. For example : You'll have to bring it back tomorrow because she isn't here today. This sentence is quite ambiguous when taken out of context. It includes a huge number of terms (you, it, tomorrow, she, here, today) whose interpretation is dependent on the knowledge of the current physical situation.
Someone who is in a high position has influence in giving a statement to the public. As a society, it should be easy to understand the context of the statement in order to avoid misunderstandings. On April 29, 2022, the President of the Republic of Indonesia, Joko Widodo gave a statement at the Bogor Presidential Palace regarding the G20 Presidency being held in Indonesia as the host. In the agenda of the G20 Indonesia presidency, it carries the theme "Recover Together, Recover Stronger". The main mandate in the G20 Summit held in Indonesia is to prevent the international financial crisis in the future (Larasati & Natasya, 2017). On this occasion, Indonesia wants to unite all countries that are members of the G20 Summit in peace. President Joko Widodo (2022) stated that Indonesia wants peace and stability to be the key to the recovery and development of the world economy.
Statements delivered by President Joko Widodo must refer to the context and utterance so that their meaning can be conveyed to listeners. Retnowaty (2019) stated that deixis reflects the inseparable relationship between language structure and context, and this must be conveyed contextually and pragmatically. The deixis found in President Joko Widodo's statement does not necessarily mean that it is deixis. Simatupang and Fathonah (2020) also conducted research on the use of deixis used by Joko Widodo during the inauguration speech in 2019 using Levinson's theory. Simatupang and Fathonah stated that the deixis that dominated in Joko Widodo's speech was person deixis with a percentage of 49%. Then followed by 39.6% using social deixis, 6.9% using time deixis, 3.1% discourse deixis, and 1.3% place deixis. The deixis in President Joko Widodo's statement in the Indonesia's G20 Presidency needs to be researched so that there is no misunderstanding of the meaning in his speech. If someone wants to understand the meaning of the utterance in President Joko Widodo's statement, listeners must understand the context being discussed. In other previous research, Mustofa also found 66,6% person deixis, 0% spatial deixis, 6,7% temporal deixis, 20% discourse deixis, and 6,7% social deixis. From these two researchs, the deixis often used by President Joko Widodo is person deixis in every moment.
However, the aim of this research was to find out the type of deixis contained in Joko Widodo's statement in the G20 Indonesia Present. This research will focus on identifying the types of deixis contained in Joko Widodo's statement using Yule's theory, as well as knowing what type of deixis dominates in the statement. This indirectly also increases understanding of words or phrases that contain deixis meanings.

Deixis
Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning. According to Yule (1996), the focus of pragmatics is the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader). Chaer (2010) stated deixis is the relationship between words used in speech acts with word referents that are not fixed or can change and move. From Greek, deixis (pronounced 'day-icksis') is a term that describes 'pointing' through language. Deixis is the phenomena in which some linguistic statements are systematically dependent on context for their interpretation (Levinson, 1983). This deixis means that it is pointing through language. A deictic expression is any linguistic form used to accomplish this 'pointing' (Yule, 1996). When you observe an unusual object and ask, "What is it?" you are using a deictic term ('it') to signify something in the current context. This is also in line with what Kushartanti (2009) said that deixis is a way of referring to something that is closely related to the speaker's context.
Spatial deixis, also known as place deixis, refers to the indication of the relative location of people and things. There, these, here, and those are common examples of spatial deixis. When considering spatial deixis, remember that place from the speaker's point of view can be corrected mentally as well as physically (Yule, 1996). Levinson (1983) also stated that spatial deixis is concerned with the spesification of locations to anchorage places in the communication situation, and generally the speaker, and there are two fundamental ways of referring objects, on the one hand by describing or identifying them and on the other by locating them.
Temporal deixis is also called as time deixis. The time that corresponds with the speaker's speech and the moment the listener's speech is heard (the listener's 'now') can be indicated by temporal deixis (Yule, 1996). These expressions of temporal reference are taught much later than deictic terms such as "yesterday," "tomorrow," "today," "tonight," "next week," "last week," and "this week.". All of these expressions rely on knowing the relevant utterance time to be understood. Temporal deixis refers to participant-role and it is crucial to separate the time of speech from the time of receipt (Levinson, 1983).

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The aim of this research is to analyze the types of deixis and the dominant deixis which found in the Joko Widodo's statement on Indonesia's G20 Presidency. The method used in this research is qualitative research method, and the source data used is the script when Joko Widodo gave statement about Indonesia's G20 Presidency in Bogor Presidencial Palace, West Java Province. The context in President Joko Widodo's statement here is to convey that Indonesia will hold the mandate to host the G20 presidency and convey hope with the existence of the G20 presidency in Indonesia. As the unit of analysis, the researcher focuses on the English script of the Joko Widodo's statement on Indonesia's G20 Presidency in Bogor Presidencial Palace which is taken from official website of Cabinet Secretariat of The Republic of Indonesia that had posted on April 29, 2022.
The data of this research were taken from the English script of Joko Widodo's statement on Indonesia's G20 Presidency in Bogor Presidencial Palace especially the kinds and dominant deixis which found in this statement, and the researcher uses listen and take notes technique for collecting data. The researcher uses two steps in data collecting. First, reading technique by read the script of Joko Widodo's statement carefully, then the researcher uses taking notes technique to find out the kinds of deixis by use the data card that was prepared before.
Following data collection from the script of Joko Widodo's statement, the researcher conducted the following data analysis: The researcher firstly identified a few words that are used in deictic expressions. Second, using their criteria, the researcher categorised the deictic expressions that had been identified. Third, the researchers examined the many categories of deixis, including person, spatial, and temporal deixis that presented to the table. Fourth, the researchers calculated the number of deixis contained in Joko Widodo's statement. Finally, the researchers compared the frequenty of each type of deixis and then the researchers made conclusions.

Utterance
Deixis Person Spatial Temporal

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
The research found that Joko Widodo's statement regarding the Indonesia's G20 Presidency frequently uses these types of deixis. According to Yule (1996), there are three types of deixis, such as person deixis, spatial deixis, and temporal deixis. The various kinds of deixis that are utilized have various references and meanings. I (1) We understand that the G20 plays a role as a catalyst in the recovery of the world economy.
We (1) And, if we talk about the world's economic recovery, there are two main factors at the moment, namely COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine.
We (1) There (1) It is in this context then in the telephone (1), His (1) Closing my statement, let me underline that Indonesia aims to bring the G20 together.
We (1) Peace and stability are key to the recovery and rebuilding of the global economy. That concludes my statement.

Person Deixis
Person deixis is an expression that is used to 'pointing' someone, for example: I, you, we, they, he, she, it, me, them, themselves, yourself, my, him, etc (Yule, 2006 Based on the data above, the total person deixis was found 26 data from Joko Widodo's statement. The deictic word I, Me and My refers to the figure as Joko Widodo who give statement. The word 'we' also has a function as the first person. Joko Widodo (2022) once said,"We also discussed, via phone calls, the dynamics of the current global situation, including the Russia-Ukraine war". In the word "We" refers to Joko Widodo, all world leaders, and Secretary-General of the United Nations in preparing for the upcoming G20 Summit. The word 'you' also has a function in person deixis as the second person. Joko Widodo said "I thank you" refers to all listeners in the context of giving thanks as a closing of all statements that have been said. The word 'it' is contained in Joko Widodo's statement, such as "It is in this context then in the telephone conversation yesterday" to refers to the entire context of the conversation between Indonesian President Joko Widodo and Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy. The words 'me' in the first person and "his" in the third person were also found in the statement "On that occasion, President Putin thanked me for the invitation to the G20 Summit and confirmed his attendance.". In the word 'his' refers to President Putin who has thanked "me" as President Joko Widodo. This is also in accordance with the research conducted by Simatupang and Fathonah (2020) on the deixis used by Joko Widodo during his inauguration speech in 2019. Simatupang and Fathonah said there was a person deixis "I" when Joko Widodo said "I will ask and I will force that the task of the bureaucracy is making delivered" which showed himself as the President of Indonesia who is making the bureaucracy perform as under their duties. Mustofa (2021) also mentioned the use of 'I' as a person deixis regarding Joko Widodo's statement regarding terrorism in Makassar. In the statement "I ask the public to remain calm in carrying out their worship", Mustofa stated that the pronoun 'I' refers to President Joko Widodo who emphasizes his position as Head of State who protects all Indonesian people.

Spatial Deixis
Spatial deixis refers to any term used to indicate a location, such as here, there, this, there, and so on (Yule, 2006). The described earlier concept of distance is clearly related to spatial deixis, which indicates the relative position of persons and objects. In the statement of Joko Widodo, there are spatial deixis. It can been seen in this table:

Distal Term
There (2 data) From the data above, it shows that there are 2 data 'there' found in Joko Widodo's statement as spatial deixis. This is evidenced in Joko Widodo's statement which said "In the telephone conversation with the Ukrainian President, I was briefed on the latest development of the situation there.". The word "there" refers to the situation in Ukraine when President Joko Widodo spoke with the President of Ukraine in a telephone conversation. The second data is found in the statement "And, if we talk about the world's economic recovery, there are two main factors at the moment, namely COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine.". For the word "there" in this statement refers to the world's economic recovery that must be carried out by all members of G20 Summit.
Simatupang and Fathonah (2020) also found a different when there was a statement "The protocol officers asked me to stand at that spot, and that first year I complied". Simatupang and Fathonah found the word 'that' as a spatial deixis which refers to denote the spot that the protocol officers asked him to stand. However, Mustofa (2021) did not find spatial deixis in Joko Widodo's statement regarding terrorism in Makassar.

Temporal Deixis
Temporal/Time deixis are any expressions that point up to a specific time, such as today, after, now, every day, last five years, last year, tonight, and so on (Yule, 2006). Temporal deixis is concerned with the timing when an utterance is produced. In the statement of Joko Widodo, there are temporal deixis. It can been seen in this table: From the data above, there are 7 temporal deixis data contained in Joko Widodo's statement. In the word "last night", it found 2 data from the statement "Last night, Thursday, April 28, I had a telephone conversation with the President of Portugal Marcelo de Sousa." and "And, last night at 7, I talked via telephone with Russian President Vladimir Putin.". This statement refers to that at that time President Joko Widodo had telephone conversations with Portuguese President Marcelo de Sousa and Russian President Vladimir Putin. The second and third data found "last two months" and "this year" in the statement, "As someone with the mandate for the G20 Presidency in 2022, I have in the last two months been in touch with a number of world leaders and Secretary -General of the United Nations on the preparation for the upcoming G20 Summit, which to be held in Bali in November this year.". The word "last two months" refers to the time when President Joko Widodo has notified a number of world leaders and the Secretary-General of the United Nations, while the word "this year" refers to the time of the G20 Summit held in November in Bali. The fourth data found data "last wednesday" in the statement, "Last Wednesday, April 27 at 15.00,I discussed with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy." which refers that at that time President Joko Widodo spoke with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy. The fifth data found the data "yesterday" in the statement, "It is in this context then in the telephone conversation yesterday." which refers that at that time there was a telephone conversation discussing a context. The last data it found was "lastly" in the statement, "And lastly, in the telephone conversation with Russian President Vladimir Putin, the Russian President provided me with updates on the situation in Ukraine, including the ongoing negotiation process between the two countries." which refers to Russian President Vladimir Putin who was the last person to have a telephone conversation with Indonesian President Joko Widodo.
Simatupang and Fathonah also found temporal deixis in Joko Widodo's speech in inauguration speech in 2019 with the utterance "Right now, we are at the peak of the demographic bonus, where our productiveaged population far outnumbers those of the non-productive age". The phrase 'right now' is the temporal deixis which used to inform the audience that Joko Widodo wishes to demonstrate that they are at the top of the demographic advantage by considering the current situation in Indonesia. Mustofa (2021) also found the word 'today' in the sentence "Today, I strongly condemn this act of terrorism". The word 'today' is a temporal deixis which refers to the day the speech takes place.
After analyzing and determining the types of deixis used in Joko Widodo's statement, as well as interpreting the references meaning, the findings of frequency of types of deixis used in the English script of Joko Widodo's statement are presented as follows: Based on the mentioned data, it can be seen that the statement given by Joko Widodo regarding the Indonesia's G20 presidency contain a significant number of person, spatial, and temporal deixis. Person deixis is the most common type of deixis in Joko Widodo's G20 Presidency statement with 26 data. Thus, at person deixis, the most dominated in Joko Widodo's Statement using first person deixis which consists of I, We, Me, and My. With the audience knowing this, the audience will not experience misconception when understanding the context conveyed in President Joko Widodo's statement on Indonesia's G20 Presidency. When compared with previous research about President Joko Widodo, it is similar that President Joko Widodo always uses person deixis that dominates in conveying something at different moments.

Conclusion
Based on the discussion above, researchers can conclude that Joko Widodo's statement on G20 Presidency uses three types of deixis, including deixis person, spatial deixis, and temporal deixis. Personal deixis in Joko Widodo's statement is included in three types of deixis person, including first person, second person, and third person. Joko Widodo's statement also includes the two types, spatial deixis and temporal deixis. The most of personal deixis in Joko Widodo's statement refer to Joko Widodo himself, as encoded by first singular deixis person such as I, My, and Me. While for the first plural person deixis, "We" refers to Joko Widodo as the President of the Republic of Indonesia. In this research, the person deixis was dominated in Joko Widodo's statement on G20 Presidency. This is because Joko Widodo informs the general public of his own existence as President of the Republic of Indonesia in his statement more often than others.

Suggestions
The researchers note that the use of deixis is very useful to avoid misunderstandings, as in understanding the statements of a president delivered to the general public. It is hoped that in further research it is also necessary to analyze the use of deixis in every presidential policy. This research will be useful to make it easier to understand the context in every presidential and government policy.