THOUGHT PRESENTATION IN VERONICA ROTH’S DIVERGENT: STYLISTIC ANALYSIS

There are several ways to scrutinize literature. Indeed it is done according to the field of interests or needs. Linguistics is one of the fields that provides the way in analyzing literature through the perspective of a linguist, which is called stylistics. This research applies a stylistic approach using discourse as the language level, specifically seen through thought presentation in Divergent novel by Veronica Roth. This research endeavours: (1) to discover the types of thought presentation techniques used in the novel and (2) how thought presentation techniques reveal the language style of the author. The writer utilized purposeful sampling method since the first three chapters' data were selected and it presented the plot of why the author titled the novel 'Divergent.' Moreover, one of the aims in this research is to discover the style of the author. Thus the first three chapters were significant for the whole representative sampling. The data were categorized in the thought presentation techniques suggested by Leech and Short (2007) which are namely; Direct Thought (DT), Indirect Thought (IT), Free Direct Thought (FDT), Free Indirect Thought (FIT), and Narrative Report of Thought Acts (NRTA). Three thought presentation techniques were found in the analysis: Free Direct Thought (FDT) 83% and Free Indirect Thought (FIT) 11% and the least category is Narrative Report of a Thought Acts (NRTA) with 6% only. The study concludes that the employment of FDT and FIT as it occurred the most can reveal the author‟s style. Roth‟s style is dramatic since she employs freer techniques, so that the readers get a vivid image of what is undergone by the characters. Thus, the thoughts produced obtain a high conscious quality.


INTRODUCTION
There are various ways in analyzing literature. Indeed, it is done as under the field of interests or needs. Linguistics is one of the fields that employs the way in criticizing literary works by applying modern linguistic theory in the view of a linguist, which is called stylistics. A linguist-critic, Leo Spitzer proposes that the understanding of a literary work in the stream of linguistics depends on the relation between the knowledge of linguistics science and its outcome to create works of art (Leech & Short, 2007, p. 2). In other words, it can be said that knowledge regarding linguistics is essential in examining literary works through stylistic approach.
In linguistics, "style" refers to a consistent occurrence in the text of certain items and structures, or types of items and structures, among those offered by the language as a whole (Candria, 2019). The study of style, thus is called stylistics (Leech & Short, 2007). In literary studies, stylistics aspires to elaborate on the relation of the critic"s concern of aesthetic appreciation with the linguist"s concern of linguistic description (Leech & Short, 2007).
To conduct a study utilizing a stylistic approach in literary works, especially in fiction, a researcher may focus on analyzing narrative techniques. An author applies various narrative techniques in fiction to present particular characters in the story. Speech and thought presentation are some of the common techniques that the author uses. Speech and thought presentation are reporters or narrators' techniques to represent other people's through speech, thought, or writing (Zahara & Syarif, 2019). Moreover, the study of characters' speech and thought presentation is an essential aspect of the narrative discourse (Kvantaliani, 2014).
The object of this present study is a novel by Veronica Roth, an American writer, entitled Divergent. The reason why the writer discusses this novel is that Veronica Roth's previous studies about Divergent novel are mostly analyzed using various literary approaches. Like the study by Primananda (2016). The researcher discusses the hegemony in the faction systems occurred in Divergent. Another study discussing Roth"s work, seen through its literary approach, is also done by Wardana & Roy (2019). The researchers examine the ideology and class division in Divergent. Hence, in this present study, the writer would like to propose a different approach in discussing the novel. Moreover, despite analyzing literary works using various literary approaches, what is best to examine literary works is by applying stylistic approach. As stated by Peter Barry, stylistics provides a new interpretation of literary works based on linguistic evidence (Barry, 2002). This means analyzing literary work based on linguistic evidence can guide the writer to interpret literary work and it is much more objective since linguistic hard data are scrutinized to prove and make an implication.
Divergent tells the story of the future Chicago world, which the society is divided into five factions, each is dedicated to the cultivation of particular virtue, namely; Candor (the honest), Abnegation (the selfless), Dauntless (the brave), Amity (the peaceful), and Erudite (the intelligent). The novel presents the life of a sixteen-year-old girl named Beatrice Prior or Tris as the main character who also acts as the narrator in the novel. Tris belongs to the Abnegation faction at first. However, on an appointed day of every year, all sixteen-year-olds have to choose the faction to which they will dedicate for the rest of their lives. However, before attending the Choosing Ceremony, Tris surprisingly knows that she cannot be in those five factions, indeed she has, but unfortunately, the result of her trial test between Dauntless, Abnegation and Erudite are balanced. Therefore, people who tend to be in the position are called as "divergent".
Previous studies on utilizing the same approach have been done before by scholars. The first study is conducted by Isti"anah (2018) entitled "Speech and Thought Presentation in Jhumpa Lahiri"s Interpreter of Maladies." The researcher analyzes speech and thought presentation occurred in Lahiri"s Interpreter of Maladies. The study aims to find out the effect of the utilization of speech and thought presentation techniques in presenting some characters in the short story. Based on the findings, there are one hundred and sixtyone speech and thought presentations found in the short story, and most of the findings are categorized as speech presentation. The researcher discovers that the last narrative presentation found in the short story is the Indirect Thought (IT) presentation. It involves only one character, Mr. Kapasi, and the technique indicates that Mr. Kapasi is a prominent character who needs to be acknowledged in terms of position in his career.
The second related study is done by Zahara & Syarif (2019) entitled "Comparative Analysis of Speech and Thought Presentation in Islamic Preach between Zakir Naik and Syeikh Khalid Yasin." The study pursues to find out the modes of speech and thought presentation used by Zakir Naik and Khalid Yasin, and also to discover the similarities and differences between them. The findings of the study show that the modes of speech and thought presentation used by these two preachers are mostly similar in which the high number occurrence is the narrator"s presentation of voice. Moreover, the result also says that Zakir Naik mostly uses speech presentation rather than Khalid Yasin.
The third related study is also done by Ahmad & Nadarajan (2020) entitled "Thought Presentation in Alice Sebold"s The Lovely Bones." The study aims to explore the conscious and sub-conscious thought presentations of Susie Salmon, the protagonist, and Mr. Harvey, the antagonist in Alice Sebold"s The Lovely Bones. The findings show that thought patterns residing even in the subconscious or unconscious of human beings can be reached by analyzing thought representations embedded in a narrative discourse through a variety of thought presentation techniques.
The previous studies above encourage the writer to conduct the present study. This paper endeavours: (1) to discover the thought presentation techniques used by Roth in Divergent,and (2) to reveal the author"s language style. Furthermore, the writer would like to develop the application of thought presentation techniques in discovering new finding, in which to reveal the language style of Roth as the author of Divergent. The model of thought presentation by Leech and Short (2007) are utilized as the foundation to examine thought presentation techniques for revealing the language style of the author. Thus, this paper will suggest an idea to the readers on how thought presentation techniques contribute in revealing the author"s language style.

Stylistics
Stylistics is defined as a sub-discipline of linguistics which is concerned with the systematic scrutiny of style in language and how this can differ according to several factors, for example, genre, context, historical period, and author (Jeffries & McIntyre, 2010, p. 1). Stylistics aspires to explain the bridge between linguistic form and literary effect, and to describe what readers are responding to when they praise the quality of a particular piece of writing (Bakuuro, 2017).
Several language levels are used in doing stylistic analysis. Simpson suggests seven levels of language applied to examine the style of texts. Those seven levels of language are namely: Phonology or Phonetics, Graphology, Morphology, Syntax or Grammar, Lexicology, Semantics, and Pragmatics or Discourse analysis (Simpson, 2004, p. 5). Each level has its own specialty. Phonology and Phonetics focus on the sound of spoken language. Graphology focuses on the pattern of written language. Morphology focuses on the way words are constructed. Syntax and Grammar focus on the clause, phrase, and sentence structure. Lexicology focuses on the vocabulary of a language used by particular people. Semantics focuses on the meaning of words and sentences. Pragmatics and Discourse analysis focus on the application of words and sentences in a particular context.

Thought Presentation
Leech and Short (2007) propose five categorizations of thought presentation, which are namely: Direct Thought (DT), Indirect Thought (IT), Free Direct Thought (FDT), Free Indirect Thought (FIT), and Narrative Report of a Thought Act (NRTA). In thought presentation techniques, there are the degrees of thought presentation which are placed at the opposing sides of the continuum. For this reason, they acquire different values (Leech & Short, 2007). It is arranged on a cline of different degrees of apparent narrational interference. Below is the figure that illustrates the norms and clines of thought presentation.

Figure 1. The Cline of Thought Presentation Categories by Leech and Short (2007, p. 276)
The figure above explains that as the cline moves across from left to right, the categories reflect an increasing lack of apparent narrator "control" of report. This results at the extreme right of the scale in the categories of Free Direct Thought (FDT), the effect of which is to suggest that the readers have in these instances are the words and thought of the characters themselves, with no narrational intervention at all (McIntyre et al., 2004).

Language Style
Language style is used as means to convey the message or substance in a variation of linguistic features. According to Miššíková, language style is defined as the way of speech and/or any kind of utterance which is formed by means of conscious and intentional selection systematic patterning, and implementation of linguistic and extralinguistic means with the respect to the topic, situation, function, author"s intention and content of an utterance (Miššíková, 2003, p. 16). It means that language style is the matter and kind of utterance that portrays the sentence in conveying how the author uses particular linguistic features with the consideration of topic, situation, function, author"s purpose, and content of an utterance. Language style can be discovered through the utilization of a variety of language. Simpson argues that language style is the particular variety of language used by different individuals and in different circumstances (Simpson, 2004, p. 3). Hence, the application of particular branches of linguistics used by the author can discover the language style.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The present study uses stylistic approach which deals with the analysis of peculiar expression in language and the portrayal of its purpose and effect (Verdonk, 2002, p. 4). Moreover, stylistics has an aim to elaborate on the relation between language and aesthetic functions in literature (Leech & Short, 2007). Stylistics provides linguistic features as the way in revealing the meaning, the function, and the effect of literary works. Therefore, this approach is suitable for conducting the study in literary works by applying specific linguistic branches to discover the style and the significant function of particular linguistic features in literary works. The linguistic branch applied in this research is discourse level.

Data Source
The data source of this study is a novel by Veronica Roth entitled Divergent. It was published in 2011 by HarperCollins Publishers.
The novel also made a debut in the sixth place for the best seller books, according to nytimes.com, The New York Times in 2011. It is a well-known and successful best-selling book lists in the United States. This novel is addressed for young-adult readers. Divergent is the first book of other upcoming book series, including Insurgent and Allegiant. These book series are involved in a trilogy novel.

Data Collection
The writer took the data by utilizing a purposeful sampling method. Purposeful sampling is used in qualitative research and it is applied for the identification and selection of the data rich-cases attached to the central phenomenon of the study (Cresswell, 2007, p. 125). The method was chosen as the writer purposely took the limited numbers of selected research objects that can be provided as the main data source. There are thirty-nine chapters in Divergent novel, but the writer only took three chapters. The chosen three chapters were from the first three chapters since the first three chapters presented the plot of why the author titled the novel 'divergent.' In collecting the data, the writer, first, read the whole novel and selected the first three chapters.
The way collecting the data was by highlighting sentences that indicated thought presentation by observing at the characters' mental verbs. The writer put them into a particular table afterwards. Subsequently, the thoughts were classified according to the model of thought presentation techniques suggested by Leech and Short (2007), which are namely: Direct Thought (DT), Indirect Thought (IT), Free Direct Thought (FDT), Free Indirect Thought (FIT), and Narrative Report of a Thought Act (NRTA).

Data Analysis
The gathered classification of thought presentation techniques are arranged in the table form. It aimed to present the categorization of thought presentation techniques and elaborate on each technique's frequencies. Showing the table helped the writer discover the author's types of thought presentation techniques. After discovering thought presentation techniques utilized, the writer made an implication by elaborating the significance and its contribution of the techniques employed. Thus, it could guide the writer in answering the second objective, in which to reveal the author"s language style.

A. Types of Thought Presentation Techniques Used by Veronica Roth in Divergent
Referring to the research objectives, there are two main intentions to attain. The first is to find out the thought presentation techniques in Roth"s Divergent. The table below shows the summary of thought presentation occurred in the novel.  Based on the table above, there are  107 sentences represented thought presentation. The type that is mostly utilized is Free Direct Thought (FDT) with 83%, followed by Free Indirect Thought (FIT) with 11% and the least category is Narrative Report of a Thought Act (NRTA) with only 6%.
To elaborate on the thorough analysis, the sub-parts below present each type of thought presentation according to the result of the summary above. The analysis includes how each type of thought presentation is used by Roth to reveal the language style. Thus, the second research problem, the language style of the author, can be discovered.

Thought Presentation
As mentioned previously, this discussion is broken down into each category of thought presentation. The sub-discussion begins with FDT as it occurs the most in the story. This sub-discussion will be followed by FIT and NRTA.

a. Free Direct Thought
Free Direct Thought (FDT) is the thought presentation that occurs the most in Roth"s Divergent. FDT only occurs the most in fiction and (auto)biography . It is usually used to give entrance in presenting the character"s thought explicitly. Free Direct Thought (FDT) should not be confused with Direct Thought (DT). Both indeed have the same function in showing the character"s mind in an obvious way. However, DT is usually marked by the contribution of the narrator in presenting the character"s thought (Leech & Short, 2007). Meanwhile, FDT shows immediately what is inside the character"s thought without using an intermediary of the narrator, and the most extreme kind of FDT, with no reporting verb or quotation marks (Leech & Short, 2007). Moreover, FDT can also be systematically distinguished by the presence and the absence of quotation marks . Nevertheless, there are many cases in FDT that quotation marks are omitted, but reporting clauses are retained (Kvantaliani, 2014).
To examine the thought presentation in Divergent, some verbs indicate the thought of the character. The verbs used to present thought presentation are not always restricted on some particular verbs, for instance, think, thought, consider, etc. To make it clearer below is the table of verbs and verb phrases distribution that indicate thought presented in FDT. The table above shows verbs and verb phrases that point out thought presentation conveyed by the main character, Tris. The character use variety of verbs that do not only require the thought, but also utilize verbs that show the character" senses and feelings. Examined more in specific, FDT is used by Roth to present what is inside the character"s mind that can lead in revealing the language style that is used by the author. FDT is often applied since the main character I or Tris directly expresses what she thought. The examples and the explanations of thought presentation in Divergent presented in FDT can be thoroughly seen below.
And tomorrow, at the Choosing Ceremony, I will decide on a faction; I will decide the rest of my life; I will decide to stay with my family or abandon them (Roth, 2011, Chapter I, p. 6) On the example above, the modal verb will appears and the verb decide means to choose something, especially after thinking carefully about several possibilities. Here, the character I or Tris shows the several decisions of a faction where she will belong to. The above example is included in the FDT technique due to its directness and without the narrational interference (Leech & Short, 2007). In other words, this sentence also shows the sudden apprehension of reality (Kvantaliani, 2014).
I doubt all the Erudite want to study all the time, or that every Candor enjoys a lively debate, but they can"t defy the norms of their factions any more than I can (Roth,Chapter II p. 9).
In the example above, there is doubt that has function as verb in showing a feeling of not being certain of something about how good or true it is. It is very obvious that Tris presents directly about her uncertainty toward the Erudite and the Candor. It is also seemed that Tris speaks to herself, thus create a monologue (Leech & Short, 2007). This sentence can also be interpreted as a sudden apprehension of reality which is undergone by the character (Kvantaliani, 2014).
I have to make a decision (Roth,Chapter II,p. 11).
The example above contains auxiliary verb have to. It means to need or to be forced. It is also another form of modal verb must. It is clear that Tris shows what is inside her thought without using an intermediary or reporting clause from the narrator (Leech & Short, 2007). Here, Tris uses have to in order to necessarily make her decision, thus it involves her mind explicitly in thinking her own decision that has to be made. (Roth,Chapter III,p. 14).

I feel a lump in my throat
The sentence indicates FDT since Tris shows clearly that she feels something in the throat. There is also no reporting clause in the sentence, so it can create a freer technique in presenting what is inside her mind immediately (Leech & Short, 2007). Moreover, the use of FDT can also be I feel like it doesn"t belong to me (Roth,Chapter III,p. 15).
The example above occurs the verb that indicates the character"s sense, which is the verb feel and is added with the word like. Indeed, it is not a verb that explicitly explain the thought of the character, for instance, the verb think, consider, contemplate, etc. In this case, the sentence points out that Tris must be aware of something that does not belong to her. However, the clause "I feel" indicates narrational interference or reporting clause from the narrator or Tris herself. But considering in many cases of FDT that reporting clauses can be kept, and Tris here also acts as a narrator, therefore it is obvious that the sentence above is categorized in FDT technique. It has an aim to create freer technique in obtaining a conscious quality of the character (Leech & Short, 2007).
I decide not to take the bus (Roth,Chapter III,p. 15).
The sentence above shows that Tris has decided not to take the bus. This means, the Tris directly conveys what is in her thought, which she decides not to take the bus. In other words, the sentence creates a sudden apprehension of reality (Kvantaliani, 2014).

b. Free Indirect Thought
Free Indirect Thought (FIT) appears on the second most occurred after FDT in Divergent. Like FDT, FIT is also mostly employed in fiction and (auto)biography . FIT is usually utilized by using a third-person point of view but keeping the lucidness of Direct Thought (DT). Leech and Short argue that FIT historically as a natural development, keeping much vividness of DT (see figure 1 on the cline of thought presentation) without the artificially of the "speaking to oneself" convention (Leech & Short, 2007, p. 277). In other words, FIT employs third-person point of view when the narrator becomes infected by the perspective of one of its characters (Malewitz, 2020). To analyze thought presentation of Divergent in FIT technique, below is the table of verbs and verb phrases distribution that stipulates the thought presented in FIT delivered by some particular characters in the novel. But she must hide her beauty in Abnegation (Roth,Chapter I,p. 6) The sentence above portrays the character she as narrated in the third person point of view. Hereby, the character I becomes infected by the perspective of one of its character. Therefore, the employment of the third person narration allows to describe the thought and consciousness (Leech & Short, 2007). Moreover, the entry of modality must which shows an obligation indicates the character"s consciousness (Burke, 2014).
His breath smells like cigarettes. (Roth,Chapter II,p. 12) From this sentence is obvious that the subject uses third person narration, in which his breath (third person pronoun). Like DT, this sentence still describes vividness of what is being undergone by the character. However, there is no reporting clause and the lucidness is retained as DT instead (Leech & Short, 2007). It can be seen through the use of verb smells which indicates the sense of the character.
If I get home early, my father will notice when he checks the house log at the end of the day, and I"ll have to explain what happened (Roth,Chapter III,p. 14) This sentence presents that Tris" father's perspective influences her to get infected of what her father feels. Even though the character uses the pronoun my, it is obvious that the narrator addresses her father yet still keeping the vividness without the artificially of the "speaking to oneself" (Leech & Short, 2007).

c. Narrative Report of a Thought Acts (NRTA)
Narrative Report of a Thought Acts (NRTA) is the least category used in the novel. NRTA applies to references to the occurrence of specific individual thought in the mind of a participant in the story. NRTA typically involves the use of a verb cognition (for example: define, study, consider, etc.) which can be followed by noun or prepositional phrase indicating the thought . Below is the list of verbs represented NRTA found in the novel. Looks over Tori The table above presents the verb and phrases distribution conveyed by the narrator to narrate particular character. Here, the main character Tris who also acts as a narrator has a role to narrate something by describing or indicating the topic of the thought . Below are the examples taken from the novel indicating NRSA.
Their faction values honesty and sees the truth as black and white, so that is what they wear (Roth,Chapter I,page 6) In the sentence above, the narrator/Tris narrates the other faction which refers to people who belong to Candor faction. The sentence is included in NRTA as the narrator uses cognition verb, which are values and see. Value means to consider and sees means to perceive the meaning of understanding. Those verbs are followed by nouns which stipulate the topic of the thought. (Roth,Chapter II,page 10) Here the narrator or Tris herself also explains that the curiosity of herself is a mistake and a betrayal of her faction values. Her feeling of being mistaken and the betrayal depicts the topic of the thought. Besides, the narrator or Tris also summarizes it and directly address to the topic of the thought.

B. Language Style of Veronica Roth in Divergent
Language style is the matter and/or any kind of utterance that portrays the sentence in conveying how the author uses particular linguistic features with the consideration of topic, situation, function, author"s purpose, and content of an utterance. In this case, Roth applies Free Direct Thought (FDT) and Free Indirect Thought (FIT) mostly in her work. FDT and FIT are presented in the form of sentences which they have consideration of topic, circumstances, the function and the purpose. In other words, indeed, there is the significance and its effect of why the author utilizes those two most-used techniques. Thus, the utilization of FDT and FIT can reveal the author"s language style. To acquire the in-depth analysis, below are the explanations of FDT and FIT that can guide to reveal the language style of the author.
FDT is a thought presentation technique that occurs the most in Divergent novel. The most instances of FDT utilization occurs in the fiction where direct access to characters" minds is conventionally possible . The significance of applying FDT is that the author wants to evoke the readers" senses to have in these instances are the words and thought of the characters themselves, with no narrational intervention at all (McIntyre et al., 2004).
As cited in Semino and Short (2004), FDT foregrounds the artifice of turning thoughts into words, and results in the impression that what is presented is highly conscious, deliberate thought, rather like the kind of articulate reflection that is expressed in dramatic soliloquies. Not surprisingly, therefore, FDT often occurs at moments of heightened emotion or of sudden and momentous realization . Moreover, the presence of verbs and verb phrases that vary in the data involve the readers to experience of what is being thought or felt by the character. Therefore, the readers easily capture an immediate notion of reality experienced by the character.
Furthermore, since this novel is written with employing first person narrator, it is automatically limited to what the protagonist thinks, feels, perceives, and so fourth (Al-Alami, 2019). Hence, it can be stated that FDT technique can be determined by the employment of the first person narrator or the protagonist. It aims to perceive the intimacy between the readers and the character, so that the reader can have the instances of feelings and thought of the character. To attain a bright picture, below are the examples of sentences presented in FDT which describe the plot in Divergent.
I feel like there is a bubble in my chest that expands more by the second, threatening to break me apart from the inside (Roth,Chapter II,p. 9).
The sentence above explains the sudden realization of what is experienced by the character I which refers to Tris. It can be seen through the event that Tris feels a bubble in her chest that threats her to break apart from the inside of her body. It is indeed a sudden and momentous realization of the character I since the sentence also occurs the verb feels, in which it allows the character senses, thus it can create a conscious thought.
I think about running, but the dog will be faster than me (Roth,Chapter II,p. 10) This sentence also employs a sudden realization undergone by the main character, Tris. The event captured on this sentence is that Tris thinks about running but she knows that the dog is faster than her. The presence of the verb think also explains what is thought by Tris explicitly.
I wish I felt like crying, because the tears might bring me a sense of release, but I don"t (Roth,Chapter III,p. 13) This sentence portrays that Tris wishes to cry with an intention to release what she feels but she does not do it. It can be seen through the event that Tris shows what she wishes and feels obviously. The sentence can also be interpreted that Tris delivers what she actually feels, so it can make a vivid picture of what is felt by her.
The second most occurred thought presentation is Free Indirect Thought (FIT). In fiction, Semino and Short also propose that FIT is associated with creation of effects of closeness and empathy towards characters. The significance of applying this technique allows a vivid but less obviously artificial presentation of the thoughts of participants in narratives . FIT is usually utilized by using third-person point of view but keeping the lucidness of Direct Thought (DT). Leech and Short also argue that FIT historically as a natural development, keeping much vividness of DT without the artificially of the "speaking to oneself" convention (Leech & Short, 2007, p. 277). To obtain a clearer description, below are the examples of sentences presented in FIT that depict the plot appeared in the novel.
They are scarred, like he was burned, and they clench around the paper like he wants to crumple it (Roth,Chapter II,p. 12).
The sentence above portrays thirdperson pronoun he which refers to a man with the newspaper whom Tris meets. The event shows the closeness that the character he is depicted as if he has burned scars and he is portrayed as he wants to crumple the paper. Thereby, the character does not speak to himself, yet still creates an effect to a closeness towards the character.
Because they failed to complete initiation into whatever faction they chose, they live in poverty, doing the work no one else wants to do (Roth,Chapter III,p. 15).
This sentence captures third person plural they. They refers to the factionless people. The event presents intimacy although it is narrated. The characters of they do not speak to themselves but it is taken from other perspective of the narrator or Tris. The event narrates that the failure for not completing into faction whatever they chose will lead to poverty. Thus, it is obvious, even though the sentence utilizes third person plural they, it still creates lucidness like DT does.
Based on the explanations above to the examples of particular plot which are used FDT and FIT, therefore, the language style employed by Veronica Roth in Divergent utilizes "freer" technique which keeps an immediate comprehension of reality encountered by the character Tris through the use of FDT. In addition, the employment of FDT is also affected by the point of view of the narrator. The narrator of the novel is Tris who is also the major character or the protagonist character in the novel. Automatically, Roth utilizes first person point of view. Hence, it can be implied that Roth uses first person point of view in order to make a high conscious thought of Tris as the central character. In other words, the use of FDT makes the readers experience what is undergone by Tris. Besides, the presence of FIT also allows to create a vivid image of the other characters" thought through the less artificial presentation of the thoughts of the characters in the novel. Particularly, the other characters" thought is presented through thirdperson point of view, yet still as they lucidly deliver. In conclusion, the style of Veronica Roth in Divergent is dramatic as the author explicitly depicts the direct emotions of the character deeply, like soliloquy on a play performance as stated by Leech and Short (2007).

Conclusion
It has been scrutinized and discussed that thought presentation is a significant way to fathom the characters" thought processes in the stream of consciousness in fiction. Particular techniques of thought presentation techniques have its significances and effects. In the case of Veronica Roth"s Divergent, the stylistic analysis shows three thought presentation techniques used by the author. Based on the findings, the author employs thought presentation techniques which are namely Free Direct Thought (FDT) with 83%, Free Indirect Thought (FIT) with 11%, and the least category is Narrative Report of a Thought Acts (NRTA) with only 6%. In order to reveal the language style used, the writer made an implication with employing only two most used techniques by Roth which are FDT and FIT. The significances of applying those two techniques are to keep the directness of what is undergone by the major character Tris and to retain the vivid image of the other characters without "speaking to oneself". Hence, the readers also get evoked to have in these instances are the words and thought of the characters themselves that create a lucid picture of the characters" thoughts.
In short, the language style used by Veronica Roth in Divergent is maintaining freer techniques in order to get a vivid image of what is undergone by the characters, so that it can also make the readers get aroused in acquiring high conscious quality of thoughts delivered by the characters. Therefore, it can be implied that the language style of Roth is dramatic since she shows the characters" way in thinking, feeling, or seeing. Moreover, the dramatic style of Roth aspires to convey the main substance of what is being undergone by the characters through the use of mental verb presented in FDT and FIT techniques.

Suggestions
To strengthen the findings of this research, thorough research in another substance or source of data is required. Probably, the next researcher is suggested to scrutinize speech or thought presentation in another text, for instance, (auto)biography, news, advertisement, or other types of texts. Thus, the findings will be varied and the present study can be compared to future research in order to give more comprehension of speech or thought presentation techniques.